In the Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions, Thomas Jefferson & James Madison asserted that
the states, not the Supreme Court, were the final judges of the limits of the Federal government
the states were the creations of the federal government
the federal judiciary was the sole arbiter of the constitutionality of the federal and state laws
the "implied powers" of the Constitution gave the president the power to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts
a "dual presidential" modeled on ancient Rome's consulship would serve to protect the states from the federal government
Identify the source of the following citation: "...the American continents...are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers..." and the "policy [of the United States] in regard to Europe...is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers..."
Monroe Doctrine
Preamble to treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana
Washington's "Farewell Address"
Washingon's "Proclamation of Neutrality"
Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812
At the Hartford Convention which was held from December 15, 1814, to January 5, 1815, the Federalist delegates did all the following EXCEPT
renominated DeWitt Clinton, governor of New York, for president
asserted the doctrine of states rights
recommended a constitution amendment which would require a 2/3 vote of Congress to declare war and admit new states
Manifested their discontent with the War of 1812
attempted to secure financial assistance from Washington because the shores of New England were being blockaded by British squadrons
The Supreme Courts decision in McCoulloch v. Maryland I. weakened the implied powers of the Constitution II. asserted the principle of strict and limited construction of the Constitution III. confirmed the Hamiltonian, or "loose," interpretation of the Constitution IV. established the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States
III and IV only
I and II only
I, II, and III only
II, III, and IV only
I only
The Republican party that developed around Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in its early stages
supported legislation for a protective tariff
favored a strong central government
was an alliance of local and state groups greatly influenced by parochial issues and personalities
advocated a broad interpretation of the Constitution
introduced legislation creating a national bank
In order to secure the support of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison for the federal assumption of state debts, Alexander Hamilton promised
to resign as Secretary of the Treasury
to sponsor legislation favoring the expansion of slavery
to support the locating of a permanent capital for the nation on the Potomac
to withdraw his proposal for the levying of a protective tariff
to endorse Jefferson as a presidential candidate
Thomas Jefferson hesitated in accepting the Louisiana Purchase because
it would bring the United States into conflict with the interests of Spain in North America
Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists opposed expanding the United States west of the Mississippi River
he believed the Constitution did not give him the authority to acquire new land
it would involve the United States in an entangling alliance with a European country
it would open new lands to slavery
The Battle of New Orleans in 1815 I. resulted in the emergence of Andrew Jackson as a military hero II. ended the possibility of a British Empire on the lower Mississippi River III. strengthened the Federalists party's grip on the national government IV. assured the ratification of the treaty ending the war without notable changes by the British
I and II only
II and III only
III and IV only
I, II, and III only
I, II, and IV only
The greatest support for the War of 1812 came from
New England merchants who blamed the decline of foreign trade on Great Britain
Roman Catholics who wanted to bring the Catholic population of Quebec into the Union
the agricultural areas of the South and West
military leaders who wanted to end the Spanish presence in the trans-Mississippi West
the areas of New England and the Middle States where commerce and international trade were primary occupations
Federalists opposed the purchase of the Louisiana territory primarily because
it threatened the balance of power between political parties
they feared a war with Spain
they rejected the idea of the federal government accumulating debt
it would not improve Western commerce
it might jeopardize their goal of purchasing Canada
In the decade preceding the War of 1812, which of the following Indian chiefs attempted to organize a confederation of tribes to halt white expansion?
Metacomet (King Philip)
Tecumseh
Osceola
Geronimo
Pontiac
In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court
reaffirmed the ability of Congress to regulate interstate commerce
endorsed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States
attempted to halt the state's efforts to remove Indians from their tribal lands
upheld President Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus
freed Clement Vallandigham, who had critized Lincoln's war measures
The Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
expressed support for the U.S. Constitution
expressed opposition to the government actions in putting down the Whiskey Rebellion
stated that individual states do not have to enforce laws the states consider unconstitutional
were written to support John Adams' support of the Sedition Act
were written in opposition to the economic policies of Alexander Hamilton
Many in America felt that the English & the French failed to treat the United States as a major power in this era; all of the following are evidence of that except
the Convention of 1800
the treatment of American ships by the French during the 1790s
Jay's Treaty
the treatment of American ships by the British during the 1790s
the XYZ Affair
Thomas Jefferson & Alexander Hamilton had different views on all of the following except
whether America should be a commercial or agrarian society
the amount of power the federal government should have
the tariff policy of the United States
the importance of a National Bank
their belief in the power of the U.S. Constitution
Under the Electoral College System
voters directly elect the president of the United States
state legislatures elect the president of the United States
voter approve electors, who elect the president of the United States
it is possible to win the popular vote & lose the election in the Electoral College
C & D above
The Marbury v. Madison decision
gave powers to the president that the Republicans of Thomas Jefferson claimed he didn't have
gave broad judicial power to the state courts
declared that the Alien & Sedition Acts were constitutional
established the principle of judicial review
legalized the removal of Native Americans from western lands
As a result of the election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800,
more assistance was given to the commercial sector
politicians in New York, Boston, & Philadelphia gained power
American foreign policy became more pro-British
the federal debt rose dramatically
federal excise taxes were eliminated
All of the following are reasons why America entered the War of 1812 except
the impressment of American naval crews
the existence of a strong American navy ready to demonstrate its capabilities
the relationship between the British & Native American tribes in the western territories of North America
the violation of America's rights as a neutral power
the desire of America leaders to acquire additional western territories
The American System of Henry Clay
favored strong economic growth & a second National Bank
wanted to make the United States the military equivalent of Great Britain
wanted to place a ceiling on the national debt
favored lowering tariffs, so that more goods could be purchased from abroad
advocated the elimination of slavery
The Chesapeake Incident (1807) involved
the sinking of a British ship off the coast of Maryland
an Anglo-American conflict over the issue of impressments
an investigation of illegal smuggling of slaves into the United States
the seizure of an American merchant ship by the French navy in the English Channel
an attack by the Iroquois on an American fort near the Great Lakes
Which of the following best describes the Hartford Convention?
It expressed Southern concerns over the Fugitive Slave Act
It established the foundations of the Whig party
It produced a series of non-importation agreements among Britain's North American colonies
It led to the demise of the Federalists
It nominated Andrew Jackson for president
All of the following statements about President Thomas Jefferson's administration are true except
Jefferson waged an undeclared war on the Barbary pirates
Jefferson sought to influence the conviction of Aaron Burr for treason
Jefferson kept in place many Federalist economic policies
Jefferson moved to cut government expenditures
Jefferson consistently acted as a strict constructionist
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) intended to
reverse George Washington's neutrality policy
eliminate British influence in North America
restrict European involvement in the Western Hemisphere
facilitate the expansion of American trade in the West Indies
open South America to American colonization
The intent of the Alien & Sedition Acts was to
weaken the opponents of John Adams
expand the meaning of the 1st Amendment
protect the rights of recent immigrants
expel French residents of the Louisiana Purchase
require all newspapers to be printed in English
The Republican response to the 1798 Alien & Sedition Acts included
South Carolina's nullification of the acts
the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
the Hartford Convention
the Ostend Manifesto
the Mulligan Letters
The greatest significance of the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison was that it
claimed for the first time that the Supreme Court could issue directives to the president
claimed that the Supreme Court alone was empowered to say what the Constitution meant
claimed for the first time that the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional
was openly defied by President Thomas Jefferson
resulted in a major realignment of the first American party system
The Missouri Compromise provided that Missouri be admitted as a slave state, Maine be admitted as a free state, and
all of the Louisiana Territory north of the northern boundary of Missouri be closed to slavery
all of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30' be closed to slavery
the entire Louisiana Territory be open to slavery
the lands south of 36°30' be guaranteed to slavery and the lands of the north be negotiable
all of the Louisiana Territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri be closed to slavery for 30 years
During the first two decades under the United States Constitution, the main factor that separated Federalists from Republicans was
whether they accepted the Constitution or opposed it
whether they favored the French Revolution or opposed it
whether they leaned more toward states' rights or national sovereignty
their personal like or dislike for the personalities of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton
whether they had been patriots or loyalists during the American War of Independence
The international incident known as the XYZ Affair involved the
a French foreign minister's demand for a bribe before he would meet with American envoys
the British refusal to evacuate their forts on American territory
General Andrew Jackson's incursion into Spanish-held Florida
the British seizure of American crewmen from a U.S. Navy warship in Chesapeake Bay
Aaron Burr's secret plot to detach the western United States in order to create a new nation of which he would be ruler
All of the following contributed to the coming of the War of 1812 except
the Chesapeake-Leopard Incident
British impressment of American seamen from American ships on the high seas
the concerns of Western Americans that the Indians raids they suffered were being carried out with British encouragement
the Congressional "War Hawks" desire to annex Canada
the armed confrontation between U.S. and British forces along the Maine-Canada border
The Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States
was not concerned with the type of government other countries might have
was concerned only with the type of government that the countries of the Western Hemisphere might have
would not tolerate any new European colonization in the New World
claimed the Western Hemisphere as its exclusive zone of influence
was prepared to drive out by force any European power that did not give up its colonies in the Western Hemisphere
In the 1790s political conflict between Thomas Jefferson & Alexander Hamilton, Jefferson would have been more likely to
take a narrow view of the Constitution
favor Britain over France in the European wars
favor the establishment of a national bank
win the cooperation of presidents George Washington & John Adams
oppose the efforts of Citizen Genet in America
In 1804, Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel that was fought because
Hamilton had formally accused Burr of treason and Burr felt he had to defend his honor
Burr blamed his loss of the 1804 election for governor of New York on Hamilton's charges that Burr was dangerous and untrustworthy
Hamilton had uncovered Burr's plan to to form an independent republic compromised of American territories west of the Appalachians
Burr had caught his wife in a sexual liaison with Hamilton and felt that he had to defend his honor
Burr believed that Hamilton had financially destroyed him in a real state deal in which Burr nearly lost all his wealth
The Louisiana Purchase resulted primarily from
efforts to prevent Spain from closing off westward expansion by the United States
glowing reports of the vast beauty and potential of the region as reported by Lewis and Clark on their return form their famous exploration of the region
American efforts to prevent war with France over the control of the Louisiana Territory and secure American commerce rights in New Orleans and along the Mississippi River
Federal desires to establish a strong confederation of antislavery states west of the Mississippi River and further limit the power of the Southern Republicans
Republican desires to further dilute the Federalist power base in New England by expanding the country and reducing Federalist influence.
During the campaign to ratify the Constitution, the Federalists argued
for a return to the Articles of Confederation as the framework of federal government
that a bill of rights, to correct flaws in the Constitution, must be in place before the Constitution could be ratified
for rejection of the Constitution and the convening of a new Constitutional Convention to come up with a better framework for government
for rejection of the Constitution, with a possible bill of rights to be discussed after ratification
against a strong national government of any kind and an increase in the powers of states to govern themselves
The Treaty of Ghent signaled the end of the
Revolutionary War
Spanish-American War
War of 1812
Mexican-American War
quasi-war with France
The Hartford Convention of 1814 focused on
revising military strategy against the British in the stalemated War of 1812.
the creation of a national bank to stabilize U.S. currency and establish U.S. credit overseas
Federalist desires for a massive rewriting of the Constitution to neutralize the power of Southern Republicans
Republican desires for lessened federal control and increased states' rights in matters of international trade critical to New England's survival
devising plans to convince Canada to join the United States in its war against England (the War of 1812) in return for Canadian independence after the war
The XYZ Affair was important in that it
underlined the importance of a strong, impartial federal judiciary in resolving Constitutional disputes between the state and federal governments
led to U.S. abrogation of the 1778 peace treaty and brought the U.S. into a quasi-war with France
nearly brought Britain into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy
discredited Aaron Burr and forced his removal from the 1800 presidential election ticket as Thomas Jefferson's running mate
led to the U.S. to seek a declaration of war against Britain in 1812 for impressing American seamen onto British ships
The Marbury v. Madison case was important because it
firmly established the principle of one man, one vote
affirmed the Supreme Court's power to judge the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress
limited the power of the individual states to interfere with legal business contracts or commercial activity
found that Congress had the Constitutional power to issue bank charters, thus opening the door for a strong national bank
ruled that slavery could not be prohibited from U.S. territories, increasing tensions which would eventually explode into the Civil War
The Connecticut Compromise advocated by Roger Sherman proposed settling the issue of representation in Congress by
giving each state two senators with the vote in the Senate to be by individuals and not states
having the members of both houses of Congress chosen by the state legislatures
providing for the popular election of both houses of Congress
apportioning representation in the House of Representatives according to population
both (A) and (D)
The Hartford Convention of 1814 focused on
revising military strategy against the British in the stalemated War of 1812
the creation of a national bank to stabilize U.S. currency and establish U.S. credit overseas
Federalist desires for a massive rewriting of the Constirution to neutralize the power of Southern Democrats
Republican desires for lessened federal control and increased states's rights in matters of international trade critical to New England's survival
devising plans to convince Canada to join the United States in its war against England (War of 1812) in return for Canadian independence after the war
The XYZ Affair was important in that it
underlined the importance of a strong, impartial federal judiciary in resolving Constitution disputes between the state and federal governments
led to U.S. abrogation of the 1778 peace treaty and brought the U.S. into a quasi-war with France
nearly brought Britain into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy
discredited Aaron Burr and forced his removal from the 1800 presidential election ticket as Thomas Jefferson's running mate
led to the U.S. to seek a declaration of war against Britain in 1812 for impressing American seaman onto British ships
The Marbury v. Madison case was important because it
firmly established the principle of one man, one vote
affirmed the Supreme Court's power to judge the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress
limited teh jpower of the individual states to interfere with legal business contracts or commercial activity
found that Congress had the constituional power to issue bank charters, thus opening the door for a strong national government
ruled that slavery could not be prohibited from U.S. territories, increasing tensions which would eventually explode into the Civil War
The Connecticut Compromise advocated by Roger Sherman proposed settling the issue of representation in Congress by
giving each state two senators with the vote in the Senate to be by individuals and not states
having the members of both houses of Congress chosen by the state legislatures
providing or the popular election of both houses of Congress
apportioning representation in the Houes of Representatives according to population
both A and D
In "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution," which of the following argues that the men who wrote the Contitution primarily held their wealth in property, government securities, and other kinds of paper wealth?
Charles A. Beard
Forrest McDonald
Will Durant in collaboration with Ariel Durant
Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
Bruce Catton
While Chief Justice John Marshall presided over the Supreme Court, its decision
were generally protective of states' rights
showed no clear leaning toward either a "broad" or "strict" interpretation of the Constitution
laid the groundwork for a "broad" interpretation of the Constitution
reflected the impact of Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky Resolutions
were hostile to the development of business
The Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812
created an Indian buffer state between the United States and Canada
provided a restoration of the status quo ante bellum
settled the issue of the impressment of American seamen
indemnified American shipowners for any ships seized by the British during the war
required the British to denounce the right of search and seizure
George Washington responded to the Whiskey Rebellion in the western counties of Pennsylvania by
ignoring it until it died out
dispatching Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, to negotiate a reduced tax with the protesters
calling a special session of Congress to deal with the problem
sending an army larger than any he had ever commanded in th Revolution to put down the revolt
requesting an advisory opinion from the Supreme Court on the constitutionality of the excise tax
These words are attributed to which of the following? "The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations is...to have with them as little political connection as possible... It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances iwth any portion of the foreign world...."
James Monroe, annual message to Congress (december 1823)
George Washington, "Farewell address" (September 1796)
Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address (March 1801)
George Washington, "Proclamation of Neutrality" (April 1793)
Theodore Roosevelt, annual message to Congress (December 1904)
The purchase of the Louisiana territory I. doubled the size of the United States II. guaranteed Western famers access to the Mississippi River as an avenue of trade III. presented Jefferson with a constitutional dilemma since he was a "strict" constructionist IV. gave the United States control of the port of New Orleans
I and II only
I and III only
I, II, and III only
I, II, IV only
I, II, III, and IV
All of the following statements apply to the Bill of Rights EXCEPT:
Comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution
Limited the powers of the federal government to those specifically named in the Constitution
Gave citizens freedom of religion, assembly, speech and press, and the right of petition
Guaranteed the rights of persons accuesd of a crime
Granted
The Constitutional Convetion of 1787 I. was dominated by Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, John Adams, and George Washington II. published daily summaries of its debates in the Philadelphia newspapers III. was called by the Confederation Congress for the sole purpose of revising/amending the Articles of Confederation IV. outlawed the foreign slave trade
I only
II only
III only
I,II, IV only
I, II, III, and IV
"The Federalist Papers"
were written anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
argued that under the Constitution the states would relinquish too much sovereignty
opposed ratification of the Constitution without the addition of a bill of rights
convinced Patrick Henry to support the Constitution
stressed that the Constitutional Convention was instructed to revise the Articles of Confederation, not to write a new constitution
The Federalists party headed by Alexander Hamilton I. advocated a pro-British foreign policy II. supported a "loose" or "broad" interpretation of the Constitution III. favored a government run by yeomen farmers and mechanics IV. championed the concept of a strong central government
I and II only
II and III only
III and IV only
I, II, and III only
I, II, and IV only
All of the following were contraversial between the Federalist and Democratic Republicans during President Washington's administration. Which was NOT controversial?
Whiskey Rebellion
assumption of state debts
payment of the foreign debt
Genet and the Treaty of Alliance of 1778
Pinckney Treaty
"Let me... warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally."
In this quote, President Washington's concern was initiated by the
appointment of Chief Justice John Jay
War of 1812
Bank of the United States
Alien and Sedition Acts
Marbury v. Madison
Which tariff bill protected scores, perhaps hundreds, of infant manufacturing establishments in the United States?
Tariff of 1816
Tariff of 1833
Tariff of 1838
Tariff of 1890
Tariff of 1930
The major reason Napolean decided to sell Louisiana to the United States was that he
feared he could not retain Lousiana if France became involved in a war with Britain
wished to placate the United States because of its loss of the "right of deposits"
believed such a sale would provide a maritime rival for Britain in future years
expected the addition of western territory would ultimately divide the United States into two seperate nations
feared he could not hold Lousiana as the result of his loss of Haitia
In the United States the idea of a "fixed" or rigid Constitution emerged most directly from
the writings of Thomas Paine
the theories set forth by John Dickenson in his "Letters from a Farmer"
the experience under teh Articles of Confederation
Massechusettes' colonial experience under the Mayflower Compact
the quarrel between the colonists and parliament in the decade preceding the Revolution
Charles A. Beard's interpretation of the Constitutions Convention differed from previous studieas in stressing that the delegates were most concerned with designing a government that would
maintain essential states' rights
provide for teh general welfare
safeguard property rights
prevent the rise of a tyrant
prove teh superiotiy of republican government
The ratification of the U.S. Constituiton was opposed by the
people in the frontier farming districts
clergy and the people in areas where religous interests wree strong
large plantation owners in the South
financial interest and businessmen of the North
merchants and commercial classes
The LEAST likely source of support for the Federalist Party in the 1800 would have been
Providence shipbuilders
Mohawk Valley farmers
Boston coppersmiths
Philadelphia merchants
New Jersey tradespeople
Which contributed LEAST to the downfall of the Federalist Party?
ths policy of neutrality
Its opposition to extension of the sufferage
Disagreement within the party
Excessive taxation
the unpopularity of laws infringing on civil liberties
By the end of 1816 the adoption of Federalist principles by the Republicans was so complete that there was no longer a need for the Federalist Party. Which policy of Republican Party best illustrates this theory?
Existence of the National Bank
Making internal improvements at federal expense
Removing Native Americans to reservations
Granting peemption rights to western lands
Approving disarmament on the Great Lakes
The first United States Bank was most satisfactory to the advocates of
private control of banking
a decentralized banking system
government control of banking
government ownership of banking
government policy of laissez-faire in banking
Which of the following statements does NOT represent a typical Federalist viewpoint (1789-1800)?
If "necessary" in the "implied powers"clause can be interpreted to mean anything less than absolutely necessary, there is then no point at which a line can be drawn,a nd thus "necessary" may mean anything Congress wants it to mean. Congress can become powerful beyond all intention.
A bank of the United States would obviously help in carrying into execution such powers of Congress a the collection of taxes, the borrowing of money, and the payment of debt.
We have no obligation to help the French. The situation is so changed by the French Revolution that the Treay of Alliance made in 1778 no longers holds.
It is true that the Bank of the United States is proving a good investment for its stockholders, but, more important, it is having a steadying influence on other banks.
Treaty or no treaty, the important fact is that this new government is too uncertain and too weak to follow any policy other than that of neutrality.
According to the United States Constitution, each of the following may be accomplished by a simple majority vote EXCEPT
Congress declares war.
The Senate approves the appointment of a Supreme Court Justice.
The Senate ratifies a treaty.
Congress passes an immigration law.
The Electoral Congress must select a President.
All of these statements support the foreign policy of Jefferson and Madison EXCEPT
The Embargo Act of 1897 kept American ships off the high seas and prevented impressment of our sailors by England.
England and France needed our goods more than we needed their trade. They were at war and needed all the imports they could get.
The Emgargo Act and the Non-Intercourse Act were embarrassingly close to a peace-at-any-price policy.
Circumstances can make avoidance of war a wiser policy than insistence upon national rights.
Had local officials aided the federal government in preventing smuggling, our rights as neutrals would soon have been observed by England and France.
Which of the following statements about the Hartford Convention is NOT true?
Only New England was represented at the convention.
Every delegate there was a Federalist.
Such a protest meeting held during the war was traitorous.
The fact that the vote for the declaration of war in the Senate passed by only 19 to 13 strongly suggests that many Americans shared the views of the Hartford Convention.
The convention killed the Federalists Party as an influence on a national scale.
In a United States presidential election, the electoral vote was distributed in this manner:
Based on this information, which is a valid statement about the outcome of teh election?
Candidate A was delcared the winner immediately after the election
Candidate A became president and Cndidate B became vice president
Another presidential election was held after an additional month of campaigning
The president was chosen by the member of the House of Representatives
There was a runoff election between Candidates A and B
Whom did Lewis and Clark encounter as they traveled down the Missouri River on their return from the Pacific Coast?
small parties of trappers venturing far upriver in search of furs
squatters and their families clearing patches for their crude cabins
frontier people who, with their ladden packhorses, were driving livestock westward.
missionaries en route to Oregon to convert the Native Americans
Native Americans, who were suprised to encounter white people.
On which point was Marshall's decision in Gibbons vs. Ogdon NOT clear-cut?
Commerce should be defined as "traffic."
Internal commerce was reserved to the state.
Federal power and state power over interstate commerce were concurrent.
Enumerated powers of Congress should not be construed narrowly.
Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce may be limited by the Constitution.
Which pair contains a Supreme Court decision that increased or upheld the power of the national government?
Gibbons v. Ogden-Lochner v. New York
Engel v. Vitale-Muller v. Oregon
McCullock v. Maryland-Brown v. Board of Education
Munn v. Illinois-Schechter Poultry v. United States
Dred Scott v. Sanford-Plessy v. Ferguson
The case of Fletcher v. Peck is to contracts as Plessy v. Ferguson is to
religion
internal security
suffrage
taxation
segregation
Shay's Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion are similar in that each
was put down by federal troops
was a farmers' revolt
represented defiance of federal law
helped to lessen economic conflict
resulted in victory for the rebels
Sectionalism at the Constitutional Convention was most evident in the dispute over the
advisability of revising the Articles of Confederation
New Jersey and Virginia plans
regulation of foreign commerce
determination of office-holding qualifications
right of states to issue paper currency
The original United States Constitution encouraged political democracy by
providing for congressional immunity
guaranteeing voting privileges to property owners
ensuring theuse of the Electoral College
providing for the formation of political parties
providing for the direct election of United States Senators
In the Constitutional Convention, voting qualification were made residual power because of the
desire to follow the practice of English common law
widespread variation of voting requirements in the states
unwillingness of the federal government to bear the expense of the elections
realization that more state and local officers than federal officers wre to be elected
conviction of the Framers that the power to define citizenship whould rest with the states
With regard to interstate compacts, the original Constitution of the United States states that
such agreements are expressly forbidden
astate may tax goods imported from another state if its goods are taxed by that state
a state may extend to its native citizens greater privilages than those according to other residents
a state may force the extradition of a criminal who has fled to another state
a state is forbidden to enter into any compact with another state without the consent of Congress
The U.S. foreign policy adopted in 1823 declared
the Carribean was an "American Lake"
an embargo an trading with Latin American
police action to promote democracy on European colonies
the sovereignty of Latin American nations would be respected
European interference in LAtin American threatened U.S. national security
Which territorial acquisition nearly doubled the size of the nation?
annexation of Texas
Mexican Cession
Louisiana Purchase
Oregon Territory
Results of treaties with Canada
Those pushing for reform of the Articles of Confederation government at the Annapolis Convention did so because
the government did not give the states enough power.
it did not provide for the settlement of the new territories granted to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.
its central authority violated principles that Patriots fought for during the Revolution
the commercial economy was in a depression but western Massachusetts farmers were thriving.
the government's authority proved insufficient to provide solutions in several key areas.
Divisions in the 1787 Constitutional Convention resulted in the omission of which of the following in the Constitution?
a bill of rights and the definithion of citizenship
provisions protecting slavery and the slave trade
plans for counting slaves in the census
plans to provide representation for both the states and the people
provisions for a strong executive branch
The principle of sovereignty in the Federal Constitution was derived from the political philosophy of
the Baron de Montesquieu, whos concept of the separation of powers would keep the people in control.
David Hume, who favored a large republic with many different interests that could be heard by the government
James Madison, who believed in government by the consent of the governed.
Alexander Hamilton, whose belief in a strong central government could protect democratic rule by the people.
Thomas Hobbs, whos Leviathan was controlled and run by popular rule.
During the ratification debate over the new Constitution, essays in the Federalist Papers argued that
the Constitution betrayed Revolutionary principles by establishing a strong and potentially tyrannical government.
a small republic could better serve the people than a large government because all voices would be heard.
the proposed government would increase taxes, destroy state power, and destroy individual liberty
the large republic and proposed would have so many different interests that none would dominate and liberty would be preserved.
slavery and individual liberty were not contradictory because slaves were not citizens and therefore did not deserve freedom.
All of the following provisions of Hamilton's financial plan for the new nation were adopted EXCEPT
assumption of state debts because they were contracted during a war that benefited the nation as a whole.
the creation of a national bank to do the government's banking business and provide stability to the nation's finances.
funding the existing debt at face value even though many of the bonds issued during the Revolutionary War were purchased by speculators at a discounted price.
adopting an excise tax on whiskey to provide funding of the national debt and revenue for government expenses.
encting a tariff high enough to both provide revenue and protect American industry from foreign competiton.
Republican opposition to Washington's support for the Federalist program rested in a national vision for the United States that included
strong support for commercial interests by a strong federal government to provide economic prosperity.
a country of small independent landowners whose interests were protected and promoted by the states more than the federal government.
the ability of the states to nullify any federal action with which they did not agree.
a country that should include only people who were Americans at ratification and therefore pursue an anti-immigration policy
a passion for the order and stability that England appeared to enjoy in contrast to the anarchy of the French Revolution.
Under the Constitution the status of Indians and Indians tribes was
unclear because tribes were not considered legal entities but not foreign nations, and individual Indians were not U.S. citizens
clarified as Indian lands were ceded to the United States government and Indians were required to live on reservations.
to be determined by the state in which the tribe resided, and the state could determine the Indians' status as it saw fit.
determined by the three-fiftths compromise, in which Indians were counted as three-fifths a person for taxation and representation purposes.
to be renegotioated becuae all treaties approved under the Articles of Confederation were declared null and void.
The first major challenge to Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 was
from Great Britain, which failed to send a diplomat to the United States after the Treaty of Paries
begun by Jonn Jay, whose treaty with England in 1794 failed to achieve any goals set out by Washington
from Spain's refusal to bide by the provisions outlined in Pinckney's Treaty concerning goods at New Orleans
made by Citizen Genet, who solicited American support for France in the war against England and other European nations
made from western expansionists who gathered together an army to invade and annex Canada
The Republican response to the Alien and Sedition Acts passed during the administration of John Adams was
Washington's Farewell Address, which cautioned againts the party politics reflected in the acts
the XYZ Affair, in which Republicans worked with French agents to undermine Federalist foreign policy
the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which drew on John Locke's compact theory of government
the Revolution of 1800, in which Republicans and Federalists physically fought in Congress
the Proclamation of Neutrality, which prohibited foreign aliens from immigrating to the United States
The federal system embodied in the Constitution
balanced competing needs for protection from tyranny with the need for an effective central government
gave states sovereign authority in nearly all areas of government but defense and foreign policy
ultimately gave preference to large states by having representation in the House of Representatives based on population
made the Constitution the "supreme law of the land" and opened the door for the unchecked exercise of power by the federal government
relied exclusively on pure democratic principles for decisions to be made, with "We, the people" making all major decisions
Both elections of 1796 and 1800 resulted in ambiguous initial outcomes because
there was no clear popular majority for any of the candidates running for president
neither Republican nor Federalist parties could agree on a candidate once Washington decided not to seek reelection
the voting mechanism for the electoral college led to unintended consequences to the choices for president and vice president
the popular vote and the vote in the electoral college did not agree with each other
the losing candidate would not concede the election once the votes were counted and certified
After Washington was inaugurated president in 1789, Congress's first major task was to fulfill Antifederalists expectations by
adopting Hamilton's Report on Manufacturing to get the economy moving forward
drafting a Bill of Rights protecting individual liberties from a powerful government
establishing a federal court system in the Judiciary Act of 1789
putting down the protest to the whiskey excise tax in western Pennsylvania
declaring war on England for inciting Indians in the Northwest to attack American settlements there
Which of the following was a primary role of education for children in the New Republic?
training in religion to serve as ministers in various denominations during the Second Great Awakening
technical education for operatives to work in the growing manufacturing sector especially textiles
education for women to become midwives and assistants to doctors
education to create a nation of virtuous citizens to make political decisions
teaching reading so that children would be able to read the Bible
The Second Great Awakening produced which of the following?
strong support for the secular theologies of the American Enlightenment
rebellion by some slaves who acted on the egalitarian message of the revivals
an end to open-air camp meetings and a return to traditional, but enthusiastic services
acceptance of Christianity by Indian tribes and their acquiescence to white demands for assimilation
a return to the strict theology of the Puritan religion with its rejection of good works as a means to salvation
The basis for the Industrial Revolution during the Republican era lay in
the manufacturer of textiles in New England factories
the use of steam power to run factories cheaply
transportation of finished goods via Robert Fulton's newly perfected steamboat
the opening of the Mississippi Valley to manufacturing with the purchase of Louisiana
the growth of major cities along the eastern seabord
As president, Jefferson's most difficult decision and challenge to his Republican ideology was his decision to
avoid war and negotiate with the Barbary States
retire a large proportion of the national debt because it required raising taxes from the people
repeal the Whiskey Tax when the government needed that revenue
reduce the size of the army and navy when America faced several threats from European nations
purchase the Louisiana Territory because he was uncertain whether the Constitution gave him that authority
The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison was significant for which of the following reasons?
It expanded the power of the federal judiciary by establishing its right to review whether a law was constitutional
It gave Marbury the right to claim his commission as a justice of the peace.
It settled the issue of life tenure for judges
It established John Marshall as chief justice for the next three decades
It validated Madison's claim as president in the disputed election of 1808
The immediate effect of the Embargo Act in 1807 was
that Britain stopped all trade with the United States
the United States stopped trade with both Britain and France because they seized American ships
an economic depression in the United States when all foreign trade stopped
the end of all trade between the United States and its western territories until Indian hostilities ceased
economic prosperity as American industry grew to replace trading losses
America went to war in 1812 for all of the following reasons except
the British navy policy of impressment of American sailors
America's refusal to pay tribute to the Barbary States for safe passage in the Mediterraneans for American ships
British actions to incite Indians to attack American settlements in the Indiana Territory
British trade policy blockading European trade with America
the war hawks' demands for war to address western issues
Andrew Jackson gained national stature during the War of 1812
as comander of troops at the Battle of New Orleans
for leading the successful invasion of Canada at the beginning of the war
for successfully defending Baltimore from attack at Fort McHenry
for slowing the British attack on Washington and keeping several public buildings from being burned
as commander of troops that defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie
Which of the following contained proposals for constitutional amendments to admit new states and declare war only by a two-thirds vote of Congress, and to restrict Congress's power to lay an embargo?
the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
the Rush-Bagot Agreement
the Connecticut Compromise
the Hartford Convention
the declaration of was in 1812
Which weakness of the Articles of Confederation was most closely associated with the Mount Vernon and Annapolis Conventions?
No courts to handle interstate disputes
No authority to regulate interstate commerce
No power to collect the taxes it levied
No power to recruit an adequate armed force
No power to change its constitution except by unanimous approval of all 13 states
All of the following were controversial between the Federalist and the Democratic Republicans during President Washington's administrations. Which was NOT controversial?
Whiskey Rebellion
assumption of state debts
payment of the foreign debt
Citizen Genet and the Treaty of Alliance of 1778
Pinckney Treaty
The Articles of Confederation provided that
each state have one vote in Congress
the Chief Executive be responsible to Congress
Congress consist of two houses
members of Congress be elected directly by qualified males
a unanimous vote by Congress be required to pass a law
In the United States the idea of a "fixed" or rigid Constitution emerged most directly from
the writing of Thomas Paine
the theories set forth by John Dickinson in his "Letters from a Farmer"
the experience under the Articles of Confederation
Massachusetts' colonial experience under the Mayflower Compact
the quarrel between the colonists and parliament in the decade preceding the Revolution
Charles A. Beard's interpretation of the Constitutional Convention differed from previous studies in stressing that the delegates were most concerned with designing a government that would
maintain essential states' rights
provide for the general welfare
safeguard property rights
prevent the rise of a tyrant
prove the superiority of republican government
The ratification of the U.S. Constitution was opposed by the
people in the frontier farming districts
clergy and the people in areas where religious interests were strong
large plantation owners in the South
financial interests and businessmen of the North
merchants and commercial classes
Which of the following statements does not represent a typical Federalist viewpoint? (1789 - 1800)
if "necessary" in the "implied powers" clause can be interpreted to mean anythingless than absolutely necessary, there is then no point at which a line can be drawn, and thus "necessary" may mean anything Congress wants it to mean. Congress can become powerful beyond all intention
a bank of the United States would obviously help in carrying into execution such powers of Congress as the collection of taxes, the borrowing of money, and the payment of the public debt
we have no obligation to help the French. the situation is so charged by the French Revolution that the Treaty of Alliance in 1778 no longer holds.
it is true that the Bank of United States is proving a good investment for its stockholders, but, more important, it is a having a steadying influence on other banks
Treaty or no treaty, the important fact is that this new government is too uncertain and too weak to follow any policy other than that of neutrality
Shay's Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion are similar in that each
was put down by federal troops
was a famers' revolt
represented defiance of federal law
helped to lessen economic conflict
resulted in victory for the rebels
Sectionalism at the Constitutional Convention was most evident in the dispute over the
advisability of revising the Articles of Confederation
New Jersey and Virginia plans
regulation of foreign commerce
determination of office-holding qualifications
right of states to issue paper currency
The original United States Constitution encouraged political democracy by
providing for congressional immunity
guaranteeing voting privileges to property owners
ensuring the use of the Electoral College
providing for the information of political parties
providing for the direct elections of United States Senators
In the Constitutional Convention, voting qualifications were made residual power because of the
desire to follow the practice of English common law
widespread variation of voting requirements in the states
unwillingness of the federal government to bear the expense of the elections
realization that more state and local officers than federal officers were to be elected
conviction of the Framers that the power to define citizenship should rest with the states
With regard to interstate compacts, the original Constitution of the United States, states that
such agreements are expressly forbidden
a state may tax goods imported from another state if its goods are taxed by that state
a state may extend to its native citizens greater privileges than those accorded to other residents
a state may force the extradition of a criminal who has fled to another state
a state is forbidden to enter into any compact with another state without the consent of Congress
England justified is refusal to evacuate its military posts according to the Treaty of 1783 on the grounds that
the forts were needed to defend Canada
Native American uprisings made the evacuation impossible
the United States had not paid the debts owed to the Loyalists
Napoleon threatened to develop an empire in North America
Spain threatened to extend her claims along the Mississippi
Farmers objected to the Land Ordinance of 1785 because
the price per acre for land was too high
the minimum amount of land that could be purchased cost $640 in cash
the purchaser could not subdivide his land for resale
one-sixth of the land was reserved for soldiers who might cash in their warrants
land could be sold only to companies, not to individuals
The new constitutions adopted by the states during the American Revolution vested power in I. Courts II. Legislatures III. Governors
I only
II only
III only
I & II only
II & III only
The measure passed by the Confederation Congress prohibiting slavery in the Western territories above the Ohio River was the
Northwest Ordinance
Articles of Confederation
Proclamation of 1763
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Homestead Act
The Connecticut Compromise settled the Constitutional Convention's deadlock over
taxation
the regulation of foreign trade
the requirements for voting in national elections
representation in Congress
the presidential veto
The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation in Nov. 1777, but the states did not ratify them until March 1781. This delay was caused by
the reluctance of New England merchants to give the central government the power to regulate foreign commerce
the opposition of Southern planters to giving the central government the authority to impose tariffs
the issue of whether the Congress or the states would administer the lands of the West
disputes over the claims to Indian lands within the states
the debate over the powers of the judicial branch of the central government
A consequence for America as a result of the Treaty of Ghent was
further westward expansion by white settlers as Indian defenses weakened.
creation of an Indian buffer state in the Northwest.
British renunciation of its impressment policy.
cession of large parts of Canada to the United States.
a military alliance with France.
Historians might contend that Jefferson's characterization of his election as the Revolution of 1800 was incorrect for which of the following reasons?
Growth in this period expanded the ideal of a simple rural and agrarian republic.
The size and power of the federal government dramatically decreased under the Republican presidents.
The national debt grew rather than decreased in size.
The nation's cities and commercial economy were growing and becoming more important.
THe army and navy grew in size and the government was more prone to look to military rather than diplomatic solutions.
In domestic political terms the War of 1812 ushered in a period of
bitter party rivalry between the Federalists and Republicans over the issue of federal power.
growing popular support for Federalist candidates who opposed the war with England.
a growing number of slave states relative to free states as new slave states were formed in the Louisiana Territory.
the emergence of a new nativist party that opposed any attempts at trade or alliance with England.
the end of Federalist support and influence, resulting in little partisan strife.
Alexander Hamilton supported ratification of the Federal Constitution because
it contained sufficient authority to provide the order and stability liberty required.
it gave unchecked power to large states such as New York, where he lived.
Washington and Jefferson both actively supported the new Constitution.
he supported the idea of the new capital city located on the Potomac River.
it contained provisions to support small farmers and agriculture.
The main reason for the establishment of the Democratic-Republican Party in the 1790s was
fear that the strong government Federalists were creating would lead to tyranny.
to createa party that supported federal power and business interests.
to oppose the raidcal ideas of Thomas Jefferson
the threat posed by states' rights and the nullifcation theory.
support for internal improvements to build a national economy.
Both the Articles of Confederation and state constitutions drafted during the same period were Republican in nature due to
the role of a strong executive to maintain order during wartime.
the significant role played by officials appointed for life by the legislature.
a weak executive with sovereign authority resting in the people.
the prohibition of slavery.
granting women the right to vote in states that approved.
Many Antifederalists came to support ratification when
Shay's Rebellion showed the instability of the Confederation government.
agreement was reached that a Bill of Rights would be added later.
Indians threatened attack in the Northwest Territory.
states were given the authority to veto federal legislation.
they read the series of essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.
At the close of the War of 1812, the Hartford Convention
settled all outstanding claims between England and the United States.
offered President Madison advice on what war strategy to pursue.
expressed outrage over the British attack on Washington, DC.
proposed constitutional amendments to protect New England's political influence.
ended with Republican delegates upset about the unresolved issues.
The most dangerous and direct challenge to George Washington and the national government came from
rebelling slaves led by Nat Turner in Virginia.
dissatisfied Indians when they found they were awarded no rights in the Constitution.
western farmers who refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey.
New England merchants who opposed the tariffs limiting trade.
political opposition to his retirement after two terms.
Which of the following did not contribute to the industrial revolution after the War of 1812?
President Madison's support of internal improvements, especially roads and canals
merchant capital amassed during the war
domestic demand for goods created wartime conditions
domestic demand for goods created by wartime conditions
a higher tariff that protected domestic industry
The Marshall Court is best known for its decisions regarding
the right of slavery to exist and to expand.
strong federal authority and private property.
the supremacy of the state authority within its borders.
the political rights of African-Americans.
federal authority over all Indian lands.
Brothers Tecumseh and the Prophet responded to white efforts to move westward
by successfully defending their tribal lands in defeating William Henry Harrison's forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
ruthlessly raiding white settlements in Georgia and South Carolina.
succumbing to divisions among their Indian tribes caused by Caucasian intervention.
believing that negotiation backed by force would protect their tribal lands.
using both religion and politics to unit Mississippi River Valley tribes against whites settling on their lands.
A major reason for the declaration of war in 1812 was
the French sale of Louisiana to the United States included significant territory Britain claimed.
three British officials named X, Y, and Z demanded bribes from American diplomats.
the British attack and burning of public buildings in Washington.
British attempts at stopping American vessels from impressing English seamen.
the election to Congress of nationalist War Hawks in 1810.