The aging of the American population at the end of the 20th century was primarily due to
fertility & mortality rates below their long-term averages
a record number of births after World War II
new methods of contraception and abortion
decreased immigration rates
the deterioration of the family unit.
Which tribe was a member of the Five Nations of Iroquois?
Aztecs
Mohawks
Anasazi
Incas
Mayas
At the time President George H.W. Bush spoke of building "a new world order," the most significant event confronting him was
the outbreak of civil war throughout the Balkans & the Caucasus
the threat of massive destruction from nuclear war
the rapid democratization of the Soviet bloc
Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East
global concern regarding Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Which of the following is true of the Stamp Act Congress
It was the first unified government for all the American colonies.
It provided an important opportunity for colonial agents to discuss methods of enforcing the act.
It was attended only by Georgia, Virginia, & the Carolinas.
It provided an important opportunity for colonial leaders to meet & establish ties with one another.
It rejected the assertion that the colonies ought to protest acts of Parliament deemed to be unconstitutional.
The map below depicts the United States immediately after which of the following events?
Passage of the Compromise of 1850
Negotiation of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Passage of the Northwest Ordinance
Settlement of the Mexican War
Passage of the Missouri Compromise
The principle of "popular sovereignty" was
first conceived by Senator Stephen A. Douglas
applied as part of the Missouri Compromise
a central feature of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
a policy favored by the Whig party during the late 1840s & early 1850s
successful in solving the impasse over the status of slavery in the territories
In issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, one of Lincoln's goals was to
gain the active aid of Britain & France in restoring the Union
stir up enthusiasm for the war in such border states as Maryland & Kentucky
please the Radicals in the North by abolishing slavery in areas of the South already under the control of Union armies
please Russia, one of the Union's few overseas friends, wehre the sefs had been emancipated the previous year
keep Britain & France from intervening on the side of the Confederacy
All of the following statements are true about Herber Hoover's responses to the Great Depression except:
He at first stressed the desirability of localism & private initiative rather than government intervention.
He saw the Depression as akin to an act of nature, about which nothing could be done except to ride it out.
He urged the nation's business leaders to maintain wages & full employment.
His strategy for ending the Depression was a failure.
He was not able to avoid increasing unpopularity.
Which of the following statements is correct about the case of Whitaker Chambers & Alger Hiss?
Hiss accused Chambers, an important mid-ranking government official, of being a Communist spy.
The case gained national attention through the involvement of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy.
Hiss was convicted of perjury for denying under oath that he had been a Communist agent.
The case marked the beginning of American concern with Communist subversion.
Chambers denied ever having had any involvement with the Communist party.
Which of the following best characterizes the methods of Martin Luther King Jr.
Nonviolent defiance of segregation
Armed violence against police & troops
Patience while developing the skills that would make Blacks economically successful & gain them the respect of Whites
A series of petitions to Congress calling for correction of racial abuses
A series of speaking engagements in Northern cities in hopes of pressuring Congress to take action
Which of the following best describes the agreement that ended the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis?
The Soviet Union agreed not to station troops in Cuba, & the United States agreed not to invade Cuba.
The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, & the United States agreed not to invade Cuba.
The Soviet Union agreed not to invade Turkey, & the United States agreed not to invade Cuba.
The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, & the United States agreed not to invade Turkey.
The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, & the United States agreed to withdraw its missiles from Western Europe.
The most common form of resistance on the part of black American slaves prior to the Civil War was
violent uprisings in which many persons were killed
attempts to escape & reach Canada by means of the "Underground Railroad"
passive resistance, including breaking tools & slightly slowing the pace of work
arson of plantation buildings & cotton gins
poisoning the food consumed by their white mastors
Which of the following best describes the attitudes of Southern Whites toward slavery during the mid-19th century (ca. 1835-1865)?
Slavery was a necessary evil.
Slavery should be immediately abolished.
Slavery was a benefit to both Whites & Blacks.
Slavery should be gradually be phased out & the freed slaves colonized to some place outside the United States.
Slavery was a national sin.
For farmers & planters in the South, the 1850s was a period of
low prices for agricultural products
rapid & violent fluctuations in crop prices
high crop prices due to repeated crop failures
high crop prices & sustained prosperity
desperate poverty culminating in the Panic of 1857
Immigrants coming to America from Eastern & Southern Europe during the late 19th century were most likely to
settle in large cities in the Northeast or Midwest
settle on farms in the upper Midwest
seek to file homesteads on the Great Plains
migrates to the South & Southwest
return to their homelands after only a brief stay in the U.S.
Which of the following had the greatest effect in moving the United States toward participation in the First World War?
The German disregard of treaty obligations in violating Belgian neutrality
Germany's declaration of its intent to wage unrestricted submarine warfare
A German offer to reward Mexico with U.S. territory should it join Germany in a war against the United States
The beginning of the Russian Revolution
The rapidly deteriorating situation for the Allies
The Berlin Airlift was America's response to
the Soviet blockade of West Berlin from land communication with the rest of the western zone
the acute war-time destruction of roads & railroads, making land transport almost impossible
the unusually severe winter of 1947
a widespread work stoppage by German transportation workers in protest of the allied occupation of Germany
the increased need for flu vaccine in the midst of a serious epidemic
The economic theory of mercantilism would be consistent with which of the following statements?
Economies will prosper most when trade is restricted as little as possible.
A government should seek to direct the economy so as to maximize exports.
Colonies are of little economic importance to the mother country.
It is vital that a country imports more than it exports.
Tariff barriers should be avoided as much as possible.
The primary American objection to the Stamp Act was that
it was an internal tax, whereas Americans were prepared to accept only external taxes
it was the first tax of any kind ever imposed by Britain on the colonies
its proposed tax rates were so high that they would have crippled the colonial economy
it was a measure for raising revenue from the colonies but it had not been approved by the colonists through their representatives
it constituted an unwarranted interference with the colonial economy in a manner that would have greatly restrained free trade
In seeking diplomatic recognition from foreign powers during the War for Independence, the American government found it necessary to
make large financial payments to the governments of France, Spain, & Holland
promise to cede large tracts of American territory to France upon a victorious conclusion of the war
demonstrate its financial stability & self-sufficiency
demonstrate a determination & potential to win independence
agree to grant France a specially favored trading status
William Lloyd Garrison, in his publication The Liberator, was outspoken in calling for
the gradual & compensated emancipation of slaves
colonization of slaves to some place outside the boundaries of the United States
repeal of the congressional "gag rule"
immediate & uncompensated emancipation of slaves
the strict maintenance of the constitutional doctrine of states' rights
The Congressional "gag rule" stipulated that
no law could be passed prohibiting slavery in the territories
no member of Congress could make statements or speeches outside of Congress pertaining to slavery
no antislavery materials could be sent through the mail to addresses in Southern states
no antislavery petitions would be formally received by Congress
no bills pertaining to slavery would be considered
The main idea of Theodore Roosevelt's proposed "New Nationalism" was to
make the federal government an instrument of domestic reform
undertake an aggressive new foreign policy
increase economic competition by breaking up all trusts & large business combinations
seek to establish a large overseas empire
take an isolationist position in foreign policy while maintaining the status quo domestically
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program attempted or achieved all of the following except
raised farm prices by paying farmers not to plant
encouraged cooperation within industries so as to raise prices generally
supported the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
invigorated the economy by lowering tariff barriers
restored confidence in the banking system
The Haymarket Incident involved
a riot between striking workers & police
a scandal involving corruption within the Grant administration
allegations of corruption on the part of Republican presidential candidate James G. Blaine
a disastrous fire that pointed out the hazardous working conditions in some factories
an early challenge to the authority of states to regulate the railroad industry
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this chart displaying the relative cost of transportin goods in 1858?
Steamboats were unsafe & thus unpopular.
Roads provided the cheapest means of transporting freight.
The building of canals was essentially over in 1858.
Railroads were extremely cost-efficient in transporting freight when compared to roads.
Most American cities were linked by canals or railroads.
As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States gained possession of Puerto Rico, Guam &
the Philippines
Cuba
Bermuda
the Panama Canal Zone
Hawaii
In what is now Mexico, the Mayas & Aztecs
successfully resisted the Spanish invasion
existed without any form of written language
developed advanced cultures prior to European contact
lived exclusively in small agricultural villages
built earthern mounds
The immediate dispute in Bacon's Rebellion was
the jailing of individuals or seizure of their property for failure to pay taxes during a economic hardship
the under-representation of the backcountry in Virginia's legislature
the refusal of large planters to honor the terms of their contracts with former indentured servants
the perceived failure of Virginia's governor to protect the colony's frontier area from the depredations of raiding Indians
the colonial governor's manipulation of tobacco prices for the benefit of himself & a small clique of his friends
The Newburgh Conspiracy was concerned with
betrayal of the plans for the vital fort at West Point, New York
the use of the Continental Army to create a more centralized Union of the states
resistance to the collection of federal excise taxes in western Pennsylvania
New England's threat to secede should the War of 1812 continue
Aaron Burr's plot to detach the western United States as an empire for himself
The Wilmot Proviso stiuplated that
slavery should be prohibited in the lands acquired as a result of the Mexican War
no lands should be annexed to the United States as a result of the Mexican War
California should be a free state while the rest of the Mexican Cession should be reserved for the formation of slave states
the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession should be decided on the basis of "Popular Sovereignty"
the Missouri Compromise line should be extended through the Mexican Cession to the Pacific, lands north of it being closed to slavery
Which of the following was a goal of the Populist movement?
Free coinage of silver
Reform of child labor laws
Using modern science to solve social problems
Eliminating the electoral college as a method of choosing the nation's president
National legislation outlawing racial discrimination
The settlement-house movement drew its workers primarily from which of the following groups?
Young, affluent, college-educated women
Poor Eastern European immigrants
Disabled veterans of the Spanish-American War
Idealistic young men who came to the city largely from rural areas
Often illiterate members of the urban working class
In its decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford, the Supreme Court held that
separate facilities for different races were inherently unequal & therefore unconstitutional
no black slave could be a citizen of the United States
separate but equal facilities for different races were unconstitutional
affirmative action programs were acceptable only when it could be proven that specific previous cases of discrimination had occurred within the institution or business in question
imposition of a literacy test imposed an unconstitutional barrier to the right to vote
The Whig party turned against President John Tyler because
he was felt to be ineffective in pushing the Whig agenda through Congress
he spoke out in favor of the annexation of Texas
he opposed the entire Whig legislative program
he criticized Henry Clay's handling of the Nullification Crisis
he aggressively favored the expansion of slavery
In coining the phrase "Manifest Destiny," journalist John L. O'Sullivan meant that
the struggle for racial equality was the ultimate goal of America's existence
America was certain to become an independent country sooner or later
it was the destiny of America to overspread the continent
America must eventually become either all slave or all free
America should seek to acquire an overseas empire
All of the following were causes of the Mexican War except
American desire for California
Mexican failure to pay debts & damages owed to the U.S.
U.S. annexation of the formerly Mexican-held Republic of Texas
Mexican desire to annex Louisiana
the disputed southern boundary of Texas
The primary motive of those who founded the British colony in Virginia during the 17th century was the
desire for economic gain
desire for religious freedom
desire to create a perfect religious commonwealth as an example to the rest of the world
desire to recreate in the New World the story of feudalistic society
desire to increase the power & glory of Great Britain
Which of the following is true of the Gulf of Tonkin incident?
It involved a clash of U.S. & Soviet warships.
In it, two North Vietnamese fighter-bombers were shot down as they neared U.S. Navy ships.
It involved the seizure, by North Vietnam, of a U.S. navy intelligence ship in international waters.
It led to major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
In it, a U.S. Navy destroyer was damaged by a guided missiles in both the U.S. & Soviet arsenals.
Which of the following statements is true of the SALT I treaty?
It brought sharp reductions in the number of ballistic missiles in both the U.S. & Soviet arsenals.
It was intended to encourage the deployment of defensive rather than offensive strategic weapons.
It indicated U.S. acceptance of the concept of Mutual Assured Destruction.
It was never ratified by the U.S. Senate.
It created basic equality in the number of ballistic missiles on each side.
Which of the following statements is true of Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan?
It stipulated that at least ten percent of former slaves must be accorded the right to vote within a given Southern state before that state could be readmitted to the Union.
It allowed the rights of citizenship only to those Southerners who could take an oath that they had never been disloyal to the Union.
It allowed high-ranking rebels officials to regain the right to vote and hold office by simply promising future good behavior.
It was silent on the issue of slavery.
It provided for the restoration of loyal governments for the erstwhile Confederate states now under Union control.
All of the following were parts of Andrew Johnson's plan for Reconstruction except
recommending to the Southern states that the vote be extended to the recently freed slaves.
requiring ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment
requiring payment of monetary reparations for the damaged caused by the war
requiring renunciation of secession
requiring repudiation of the Confederate debt
By "normalcy" President Warren G. Harding meant not only peace after the recent war but also
a renewal of the Progressivist reform movement
a return to the emphasis on domestic reform in place of Wilson's foreign adventures
an end to idealistic crusades & efforts at large-scale reform
the establishment of new norms of international behavior
U.S. membership in the newly formed League of Nations
Which of the following words best describes the spirit of American intellectuals in the 1920s?
Alienation
Complacency
Romanticism
Patriotism
Pietism
Warren G. Harding may best be characterized as
a personally corrupt and dishonest man
unsuccessful in foreighn policy but highly successful in domestic affairs
having made a number of misjudgments in the men he appointed and with whom he associated
probably more dedicated to Progressive reform than either wilson or Roosevelt had been
quiet and taciturn
The "yellow journalism" of the late nineteenth century might best be described as
focusing on the influx of Chinese immigrants to the West Coast and calling for restrictions on such immigration
attempting to alarm the public about the supposed "Yellow Peril" of Japan's growing naval and industrial might
focusing exclusively on corruptions and abuses in government and big business
reporting the news in an exaggerated, distorted, and sensationalized manner
dominated by the funding of large corportaions so as to take a stance consistently favorable to big business
Which of the following statements best summarizes Theodore Roosevelt's position on trusts?
Trusts are an economic evil and should be destoryed in every case.
Only trusts in the railroad and oil industires are acceptable.
Good trusts should be tolerated while bad trusts are prevented from manipulating markets.
Only trusts in the meatpacking industry should be broken up.
Anything that stands in the way of complete and unrestriced economic competition is evil and should be removed.
During the 1760s and 1770s the most effective American tactic is gaining the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts was
tanning and feathering British tax agents
sending petitions to the king and Parliament
boycotting British goods
destroying private property, such as tea, on which a tax was to be levied
using death threats to intimidate British tax agents
In order to deal with the crisis in banking at the time of his inauguration, Franklin Roosevelt
drastically curtailed government spending and cut taxes
declated a four-day "banking holiday" and prohibited the export of money
urged Congress to pass legislation banning fractional reserve banking and holding bank trustees responsible for all deposits
announced a multibillion-dollar federal bailout package
allowed the federal government to buy silver at the discretion of the president
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
required the federal government to purchase silver
forbade the federal government to purchase silver
made it illegal for private citizens to purchase silver
made it illegal for private citizens to purchase federal lands with anything but silver
allowed the federal government to buy silver at the discretion of the president
In reaction to a perceived insult to the U.S. flag &in order to hasten the downfall of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, President Woodrow Wilson
ordered General John J. Pershing to take U.S. troops across the border into northern Mexico
withdrew previously grandted U.s. diplomatic recognition of Huerta's regime
ordered the occupation of Mexico City by U.S. troops
ordered U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican port city of Vera Cruz
sent a strong diplomatic protest
All of the following were part of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points EXCEPT
self-determination
open diplomacy
freedom of the seas
a League of Nations
a restoration of the balance of power
Which of the following was among the objectives of Booker T. Washington?
To keep a constant agitation of questions of racial equality
To encourage Blacks to be more militant in demanding their rights
To encourage Blacks to work hard, acquire property, & prove they were worthy of their rights
To urge Blacks not to accept separate but equal facilities
To form an organization to advance the rights of Blacks
The term "Seward's Folly" referred to Secretary of State William Seward's
advocacy of a lenient policy toward the defeated Southern states
break with the majority radical faction of the Republican party in order to back President Andrew Johnson
belief that the Civil War could be avoided & the Union restored by provoking a war with Britain & France
negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia
ill-fated attempt to gain the presidency in 1860
In response to Southern intransigence in the face of President Andrew Johnson's mild reconstruction plan, Congress did all of the following EXCEPT
exclude Southern representatives & senators from participating in Congress
pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866
order the arrest & imprisonment of former Confederate leaders
approve & send on to the states the Fourteenth Amendment
divide the South into five districts to be ruled by military governors with almost dictatorial powers
When President Andrew Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton without the approval of the Senate, contrary to the terms of the recently passed Tenure of Office Act, he
was impeached & removed from office
came within one vote of being impeached
was impeached & came within one vote of being removed from office
resigned to avoid impeachment & was subsequently pardoned by his successor
was impeached, refused to resign, & his term ended before a vote could be taken on his removal from office
In speaking of "scalawags," white Southerners of the Reconstruction era made reference to
former slaves who had risen to high positions within the Reconstruction governments of the Southern states
Northerners who had come south to take high positions within the Reconstruction governments of the Southern states
the U.S. Army generals who served as military governors in the South
the Radical Republicans in Congress who imposed the Reconstruction regimes on the South
Southerners who supported or participated in the Reconstruction regimes
At the time the Second World War began in Europe, the general mood in the United States with regard to the war was
determination not to become involved
eagerness to aid Great Britain by all means short of war
dissatisfaction with Roosevelt for failing to take the U.S. into the war immediately
mildly favorable to Germany
relief that the uncertainty of waiting was finally over
The Bay of Pigs incident involved
the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba
a CIA plot to overthrow Chilean leader Salvador Allende
a confrontation between U.S. & Soviet troops in Europe
a clash between a U.S. Navy destroyer & North Vietnamese patrol boats
a U.S. - sponsored attempt by free Cubans to ovethrow Communist dictator Fidel Castro
The purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas was
to divide the non-European world between Spain & Portugal
to specify which parts of North America should be French & which parts Spanish
to create an alliance of France, Holland, & England against Spanish designs in the New World
to divide the New World between France & Spain
to exclude any Portuguese colonization from the Western Hemisphere
In his inaugural address, Franklin D. Roosevelt said that if Congress did not pass the laws he believed it should, he would
accept this decision as the will of the people
allow the nation to suffer the consequences of congressional stubbornness
seek wartime emergency powers to carry out the measures himself
hold an unprecedented national referendum
call on the American people to place pressure on their representatives in Congress
One of the purposes of the 1773 Tea Act was to
prevent overconsumption of tea in America
lower the price of tea in Great Britain by decreasing the demand for it in America
save the British East India Company from financial ruin
create a long-term shift in wealth from Britain's North American colonies to its colony in India
calm labor unrest in India
During the American War of Independence, the battle of Saratoga was most significant because it
left the British with inadequate resources to carry on the war
prevented the British from ever mounting another successful invasion of American territory
allowed American forces to seize large portions of Canada
persuaded France to begin supporting the Americans openly
caused Holland to delay its decision to enter the war on the side of the British
Besides mass production through the use of interchangeable parts, Eli Whitney also influenced American history by his invention of the
pratical river steamboat
cotton gin
incandescent light bulb
telegraph
steam locomotive
The Republican response to the 1798 Alien & Sedition Acts included
South Carolina's nullification of the acts
the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
the Hartford Convention
the Ostend Manifesto
the Mulligan Letters
The Puritans who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony wanted their settlement to be primarily
a place where they could get away from persecution
an example to the rest of the world
a place where they would have the opportunity to prosper free from government regulation
a society that practiced complete separation of church & state
a pluralistic society in which all would be free to practice & teach their beliefs
Factors promoting the beginnings of American industrialization during the early 19th century included all of the following EXCEPT
high protective tariffs
improvements in transportation
large-scale immigration
the absence of craft organizations that tied artisans to a single trade
close & friendly relations with already industrialized Great Britain